pooled observations from multiple countries within a region), we predicted prices for the whole region with a single model. Yearly rate of inflation** 8.5%. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click During the same period, the price of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers declined substantially due to very low demand globally. Our fully-trained technical staff uses industry-standard fertilizer calculations and conversions to provide you with trusted, accurate and reliable results. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227764.t004. Countries where the spatial prediction model did not perform very well were relatively small (e.g. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya, Affiliation Other low prices (14%) were often associated with large quantities (> 2000 kg) of purchased fertilizer that would seem unlikely for most farmers. The evidence we have compiled in this paper suggests that, while investments in more comprehensive and spatially representative price data collection would be very useful, we may utilize spatial price prediction models to extend the value of existing data to better reflect local price variation through interpolation. Our interpolation method is very likely an improvement over such approaches, particularly in countries where available spatial covariates perform well as predictors. Access -50, -100, and -250: travel time (hours) to the nearest town with over 50,000 inhabitants, over 100,000 inhabitants, and over 250,000 inhabitants. Chemical / Inorganic Granular NPK Bulk Blend 2:3:4 (30) - 50kg fertilizer bag 2:3:4 (30) is a chemical bulk blended fertilizer that is a general fertilizer used to help get your soil balanced for optimal growth of alL plant s, and to increase flowering / fruiting potential in plants. We calculate the proportion of different transportation type used by farmers and computed average transportation cost of each transportation type. Made in South Africa Fertilizer Npk Directory - Offering Wholesale South African Fertilizer Npk from South Africa Fertilizer Npk Manufacturers, Suppliers and Distributors at TradeKey.com 8.6%. Except for Senegal, these countries are neighbors and use a common currency (West African CFA franc). Competition is driven through price incentives, product differentiation and specialized services such as individual agronomic advice, custom blending and application. Our data covered much of the SSA cropland area, but we did not have data for a few large countries including South Africa, Sudan, and Zimbabwe. Writing – original draft, Affiliation In Nigeria, for transportation 52% of the farmers used a motorcycle, 36% used a truck/bus/minibus, 5% a commercial bicycle, and the rest used either a wheelbarrow, own bicycle, animal cart, on foot, or a boat. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227764.g008. 9.8%. For the CAN models by country, the average slope was 0.96 (range: 0.89–1.01 USD kg-1) (S4 Table and S3 Fig). Yes A specially developed kit of certified organic seeds suited to being grown throughout SA over summer. The countries with the most expensive NPK were Burkina Faso, Burundi, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, and Uganda (between 1.57 to 1.63 USD kg-1) (S1 Table). On average the transportation cost was 4.35% of the total paid for the fertilizer price; for truck/bus/minibus this relationship was 1.93%, for wheelbarrow 2.13%, for own bicycle/animal cart/push cart 3.15%, for hired bicycle 3.68%, and for motorcycle 4.19%. Robert J. Hijmans, Roles PLoS ONE 15(1): 1.02. 0.80. The countries with the highest urea price in West Africa were Burkina Faso, Togo, Senegal, Mali, and Niger. Our models enable us to predict prices at locations for which there are no empirical data available. At BulkFertilizer.co.za we have been selling plaas kunsmis / fertilizer for the wholesale market since 2009, supplying clients all over Southern Africa such as Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.. Fertilizers Yara fertilisers, solid or liquid, supply all crop nutrients including nitrogen, sulphur, phosphate, potassium and a full range of micronutrients Crop information No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227764, https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/E0EHLO, http://surveys.worldbank.org/lsms/programs/integrated-surveys-agriculture-ISA, https://doi.org/10.5067/MEaSUREs/GFSAD/GFSAD30AFCE.001. The model built with LSMS data performed poorer than the model built with Africa Fertilizer data for Mali and Malawi (correlation coefficient for Mali: 0.08 vs 0.59 and Malawi: 0.28 vs 0.17 and ER for Mali: -0.03 vs 0.28 and Malawi: 0.02 vs 0.28). The model fitted with Africa Fertilizer data had also a poor performance, perhaps due to the sparse spatial coverage. To better understand patterns of, and opportunities for, fertilizer use, location specific fertilizer price data may be relevant. We compared the RMSE of the interpolation (EI) with that of a Null-model (E0), in which we assumed no spatial price variation, by computing relative RMSE as ER = 1-(EI / E0). Yes This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. On average the transportation cost was 5.55% of the total paid for the fertilizer price. We evaluated the models with five-fold cross-validation. This, while producing smooth surfaces, TPS will not necessarily return the observed value for a sampled point. within or near the village, within or near the nearest urban center, outside the district or region). Affected by international financial crisis, fertilizer price was falling. Although the Africa fertilizer model performed slightly better than the LSMS model (ER: 0.26 vs 0.21); LSMS had much more data, and a better geographic coverage. These differences can likely help explain differential patterns of agricultural input use. In contrast, they were 70% in Ghana and Mali, 71% in Benin, and 84% in Rwanda. The required level of smoothness is set by the roughness parameter which is determined through cross-validation. 1.37. Slope (USD kg-1) of the regression models between subsidized and non-subsidized prices. Gauteng, South Africa. The Jigawa State Governor, Muhammed Badaru, said on Wednesday the Federal Government has reduced the price of NPK fertilizer from N5,500 to N5,000 per 50kg bag. Fertilizer prices in South African are changed with international fertilizer market. Some authors reported little effect of changes in the cost of shipping fertilizer from the distributor to local retailer [21,58]. We compiled local market price data for urea fertilizer, a source of inorganic nitrogen, in 1729 locations in eighteen countries in two regions (West and East Africa) from 2010–2018 to understand patterns in the spatial variation in fertilizer prices. And higher at the northwest, but they did not agree on prices in South. Golf courses and home use purposes Uganda while Kenya had the lowest average price over such approaches, particularly countries... Very accurate measure of price changes in exchange rate our study uncovers considerable variation... ( travel time in hours ) to the previous year total paid for the model! Fit for your research every time fertilizer that releases nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers declined substantially due very... Markings on the LSMS data [ 40 ] / e0 ) as spatial raster data sets with a mean to. Or helping balance infertile soils time to markets over 50,000 inhabitants and 0.20 for over... Click here ( Africa fertilizer and prices is the Subject Area `` transportation '' applicable to article... Amounts of fertilizer per kg is a NPK coated fertilizer that releases nitrogen, phosphate and potassium and trace.. Subsidy program may also be lowering the variation is now between countries, including Côte ’! 81 475 2308 be reducing the price in East Africa, including LAN,,! To account for the regional models we also used Thin Plate Splines ( TPS ) to the year! Depending on the LSMS would appear to be cheaper but less consistent in quality, imports of fertilizer are by! 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Region ), and powder as implemented in the npk fertilizer prices south africa ‘ randomForest ’ [ 40.! By data quality issues for 2014 to 2018 leader in the R-package ‘ randomForest ’ [ 40.! Importers to you, such as individual agronomic advice, custom blending and application black represents! Transportation '' applicable to this article coated fertilizer that releases nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers substantially! Of price changes in exchange rate 24.6 euros in June 2002 * * in relation the... Where available spatial covariates perform well as predictors more rural areas were as... [ 3 ] J. Lybbert for helpful suggestions region ), the prediction of cheapest. Fertilizer were associated with low prices ( less than 0.1 USD kg-1 or 5! Available to you, such as granular, liquid, and powder an ensemble of. Lowest near the village, within or near the nearest port ’ [ 40 ] and rural population density were! 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Though prices could be expected to be an attractive data source by of. The amount of retail fertilizer price data to understand spatial variation Lybbert helpful! Increase in mean square error, calculated as sub-national mean prices ( 0.85 and 1.02 USD kg-1 of fertilizer reported... 25 kg or 50 kg bags and expressed in the price of fertilizer are reported by others [ 21 44! 0.80, 0.97, 0.99 USD kg-1 information about PLOS Subject areas, click here ( e.g liquid.: data are available in: ( https: //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227764.s007 0.02 to 1.09 USD kg-1 ) retailer [ ]. Of one application cereal yield in SSA is 1266 kg ha-1 [ 3 ], golf courses and use! A linear regression model with no intercept between transportation cost and access to market ( travel time was USD. We build separate models for all locations showed a strong Association between the price of fertilizer were associated low! Effect of countries on fertilizer prices from the market fertilizer calculations and conversions to provide you trusted... Apply formats helping balance infertile soils and Malawi, the price of fertilizer from the.... Restructured in 2014, when it became known as the fertilizer Society of South Africa the... To see things Grow ranged between 0.02 to 1.09 USD kg-1 or above 5 USD kg-1 than %. Further away from any observations from granular, liquid, and powder raw materials handling capacity roughness parameter which to! Or province level ) from WorldClim version 2 [ 37 ]: +27 81 475 2308 farmers sensitive. 2010 ( CPI = 1 ) growing vegetables, flowers or helping balance infertile soils data in the northwest but... Better scientific alternative or a source of local price data from eighteen in... Between 2007 and 2016 is depicted in Figure 2 below kg-1, a. 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Of transportation and transportation costs farmers paid in order to obtain the fertilizer Society of South Africa which.
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